meconopsidis are characterized by localised angular lesions on the adaxial surface of leaves and sparse sporulation on the abaxial surface. somniferi, can cause downy mildew, with each associated with a distinct set of symptoms. Two pathogen species, Peronospora meconopsidis and P. ĭowny mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of poppy worldwide and causes substantial economic losses to the Australian poppy industry. Within Australia, the majority of poppy production occurs within the island state of Tasmania. Australia is the world’s largest producer of licit opiate alkaloids, contributing over half the world’s production. These alkaloids are used primarily by pharmaceutical industries in the synthesis of opiate-based medicinal products. Around 40 alkaloids, including morphine, thebaine, codeine and noscapine, can be isolated from poppy. Opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum) is a highly valuable annual crop grown primarily for its opiate alkaloids. This work was financially supported by a grant from the Department of Primary Industry, Parks, Wildlife and Environment, Tasmania, Australia with contributions from Tasmanian Alkaloids Pty Ltd, Sun Pharma Pty Ltd and TPI Enterprise Ltd, Poppy Growers of Tasmania Pty Ltd and an ARC linkage grant (LP 160100758).Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ![]() Raw data are available from DOI: 10.5061/dryad.m0cfxpp0r.įunding: The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript. Received: JAccepted: MaPublished: April 10, 2020Ĭopyright: © 2020 Thangavel et al. PLoS ONE 15(4):Įditor: Sabrina Sarrocco, Universita degli Studi di Pisa, ITALY These methods are recommended for seed treatment of commercial opium poppy seed to assist in the control of the downy mildew diseases.Ĭitation: Thangavel T, Scott J, Jones S, Gugalothu R, Wilson C (2020) Effect of physio-chemical seed treatments on opium poppy downy mildews caused by Peronospora meconopsidis and P. meconopsidis by 93.3% and 100%, respectively. ![]() ![]() In seed to seedling transmission assays, these two treatments reduced transmission of P. The most effective treatment methods were seed washes in acidified electrolytic water (400 ppm hypochlorous acid for 5 min) and hypochlorite solution (2% NaOCI for 5 min). Optimised physiochemical treatments were then compared. Individual seed treatments were tested to determine optimal treatment parameters for each including incubation time, temperature and treatment concentration. Using seed naturally infested with these pathogens, the effect of physio-chemical seed treatments on seedling health and disease transmission were evaluated. somniferi, are known contaminants of commercial seed stocks. ![]() Both downy mildew pathogens of poppy Peronospora meconopsidis and P. Within the pathosystem, the transmission of infections via infested seed is of major concern. Downy mildew of opium poppy is the single biggest disease constraint afflicting the Australian poppy industry.
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